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1 Jun 24, 2016
GIS DATA BASE GENERATION ON LANDSLIDES BY

Generating GIS database for landslide locations is attempted in the present paper. Literature surveys were conducted to take the information on landslides. The existing landslide locations were collected from the Geological Survey of India Miscellaneous publications and other literature survey. This information was collected in the form of latitude and longitude data source. This data were given as input in GIS. To understand the event in year wise information is spatially given to understand the landslide distribution in the study area. Major landslides were recorded in the year 2009 with a human death loss of around 50 numbers in the study area. So for around 900 landslides were reported. But the number of slides present is not identified so far. Many scar landslides are also reported in this paper....

Authors: Gurugnanam. B., Arun Kumar. M., Bairavi, S, Vasudevan. S.

2 Jun 24, 2016
TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF RIVER SINDH A STUDY OF HIMALAYAN RIVER OF JAMMU & KASHMIR

Topographic mapping is characterized by large scale detailed quantitative representation of relief. Topography is one of the most important factors in agriculture, influencing soil characte-ristics, water flow patterns, sediment and contaminant transport, hydrological behaviour, and irrigation methods. Consequently, topography affects crop yield, soil and water quality, and field mechanization processes. Geomorphology is the study of differ-ent landforms, which investigates the relationships between land-form development and processes that shape and configure these landforms such as tectonic movement, volcanism, erosion and deposition cycles. The current study was carried out for the river Sindh that holds tremendous importance as it is the main source for drinking water, irrigation and generation of hydropower. The main objective of the present study was to characterize the Sindh catchment on the basis of topography and geomorphology. The data sets used were satellite data IRS LISS111 (2005), ASTER DEM (30m), SRTM DEM (90m), and GPS. Topographic va-riables like slope and aspect were derived from the ASTER DEM, whereas, Geomorphological features were derived from Arc-View 3.2 based Topographic Positioning Index (TPI). This was followed by an extensive GPS survey of the study area. The results revealed that the river has an average slope of 0-200 and the maximum slope in south direction. The Geomorphological studies showed five landform classes including valleys, mountain tops, high ridges, open slopes and plains. The study holds the importance keeping in view the fragile ecology and basic data needed for various others hydrological studies of the study area....

Authors: Mudasir A. Dada, Umar Firdous Ahmad, Manzoor A. Rather, Nisar A. Kuchhay.

3 Jun 24, 2016
DUAL ROBUST WATERMARKING USING INTEGER WAVELET TRANSFORM AND SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION

A robust and secure technique is required to protect confidential data as it can be claimed by third party as their copy. Digital watermarking is used for Intellectual Property Rights protection and authentication. In this paper, a lossless dual watermarking scheme based on Integer wavelet transform (IWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is implemented. First secondary watermark image is embedded on the elements of singular values of the low-low (LL) Sub band of primary watermark image and the resultant image SVD is again embedded in Host watermark image. The Integer Wavelet Transform is implemented based on lifting scheme. The secondary watermark is extracted from watermarked image and hence primary watermark is extracted . The retrieved image is highly correlated with the original watermark image in terms of Normalised correlation and Peak signal to noise ratio. The proposed algorithm is robust under different attacks....

Authors: K.Thaiyalnayaki, A.Kala, S.ManthiraMoorthi,.

4 Jun 24, 2016
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT INTERPOLATION METHODS FOR RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION MAPPING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN PURULIA DISTRICT

The eastern plateau of India mainly is characterized by harsh climatic condition with poor water condition and agricultural under development. Purulia, the study area is one of the parts of this plateau. Therefore undulating topography, soil infertility, water scarcity, soil erosion, deforestation and concentrated rain-fall distribution may need the proper management for agricultural development. In this area most of the people are tribal communi-ties, agriculture is the main livelihood of those people. The agri-cultural system of this plateau is mainly depending on rainfall. But now the erratic distribution of rainfall becomes a major cause of crop failure. Due to this a brief knowledge about rainfall dis-tribution is needed to achieve sustainability in agricultural pro-duction. On this view it is aim to get an idea about the rainfall distribution pattern in the study area by using spatial interpola-tion technique to estimate the values of unknown points with the help of known sample points. Therefore the different interpola-tion techniques like, Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpola-tion, Natural Neighbor Interpolation Technique, Kriging Interpo-lation Technique and GIS techniques are used to fulfill the objec-tives. Here also shows the relationship between elevation and seasonal rainfall distribution and preparing different rainfall dis-tribution maps. Finally the spatial analysis of rainfall distribution on Purulia district has been reflected by the interpolated weekly maps (week 22 to week 30) and the scatter diagram which represented the elevation wise rainfall distribution over the area. In this study, RMSE is detected by the use of cross-validation method. As the absolute error test is the primary procedure of RMS error test, hence in this case RMSE measurement is pre-ferred for the comparative studies of interpolation technique. Finally it can be conclude that RMSE of Natural Neighbor tech-nique as the most preferable technique for spatial interpolation measurement of rainfall data....

Authors: Gour Dolui, Sujan Satpathy.

5 Jun 24, 2016
GIS ASSISTED SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR URBAN AGRICULTURE; AS A STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING GREEN SPACES IN COLOMBO URBAN AREA

Present world urbanization and urban growth are increasing at the alarming rate. Its ultimate result indicates to conversion of environmentally sound land for built environment. Improvement of urban green spaces in perfect manner is one of the best options for mitigating negative environmental effects exists on the urban expansion. In the developing country context only open green spaces cannot be considered; upgrading these green areas for urban agriculture is the best solution for that. Identification of suitable land for best agricultural practices need to identify a proper scientific manner. Present GIS analysis functions provide better insight for that. Integration with Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the best methods for that. This research aims to develop possible methodologies integrated GIS with multi criteria evaluation. In this case Analytic Hierarchy Process used for giving weights. Final classification developed based on the result map of the above application. It provides a better guideline for different urban agriculture suitabilities in the study area....

Authors: KGPK Weerakoon.

6 Jun 24, 2016
LAND USE CHANGE AND PERCEPTION MAPPING OF NEW TOWN, RAJARHAT, NORTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL

Land use of a region is the mirror image of the people’s livelihood. In rural areas agricultural land play the dominant role in its economy and built-up area i.e. residential, commercial and industrial area which control the economic activities of the region. Land use change occurs due to various reasons in different places and time. In 21st century, rapid urbanization causes not only the changes in land use but also it becomes a threat to the environment and ecology. So the land use change needs a special attention for sustainable development. New Town started to built in part of Rajarhat Block of North 24 Parganas and part of Bhangar Block of South 24 Parganas since 1990. It is located to the north-east of Salt Lake City and just to the north of East Calcutta Wetland. As this planned town is only 7 km from Kolkata, rapid growth of commercial, industrial and residential developments take place in this region. This on-going township project causes a huge change in land use and the changing land use has an enormous effect on the inhabitants of the old rural settlement. Authors aim to investigate the changing pattern of land use of this New Town area and its impact on the existing rural population. As the agricultural land transformed into residential and commercial or other urban functional areas, there is a gradual influx of population from different parts of Bengal and other parts of India as well. Some of rural populations are rehabilitated by the Government of West Bengal in other part of New Town. Some of the people lost their agricultural land and some of them lost their work related to primary activities i.e. agricultural labour, fishing etc. At first (village wise) demographic structure and its related changing occupational pattern have been analysed and a perception survey has undertaken by the authors to measure the level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction and to explain the factors behind it. Author made a careful study to observe the effect of land use change on the socio-economic conditions of the existing rural settlement of that region....

Authors: Jhantu Saradar, Sukla Hazra.

7 Jun 24, 2016
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF VEGETATION COVERS IN THE UPPER CATCHMENT OF KOSI

The major natural and anthropogenic factors for degra-dation of forest are shifting cultivation, illegal lopping, encroachment, and gradual degradation etc. To monitor these changes and their impact on land cover dynamics is of major interest for biospheric studies, mainly car-bon budget, land degradation and consequent impact. The objective of this study is to assess the variations found in the vegetation over the years in space and time in the Kosi sub-catchments. MODIS NDVI 16 day’s composite datasets for eight year (2001 to 2008) have been used for the assessment of variations in vegetation cover. Composite datasets of these eight years have been used to analyze the Spatio-Temporal assessment of vegetation in the upper catchment of Kosi river basin. The study using MODIS 16 day’s composite NDVI data clearly shows that half of the entire sub-catchments, i.e. in the central and northern portion, there is a dominance of open scrub land and ever green broad leaves forest. But in the other half of the study area i.e. in the south, ever green needle forest, grassland and mixed forest, there appears to be a great deal of variation in NDVI in spatial profile value among the different river basins because of latitudinal and altitudinal differences. There are also some anthropogenic factors responsible for these dynamics. It is finally evident that MODIS NDVI data could be used to provide timely and detailed vege-tation status and an input to biophysical, geochemical and climate models that require timely estimation of the forest area....

Authors: Md. Ejaz Alam, Javed Mallick, Sunil Bhaskaran, Atiqur Rahman, D. Dutta.

8 Jun 24, 2016
IDENTIFICATION OF URBAN SPRAWL USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY OF ONITSHA AND ITS ENVIRONS IN SOUTHEAST, NIGERIA

Urban sprawl has been investigated, analysed and modelled by considering the built-up areas as the key feature of sprawl, which was obtained through remote sensing and GIS. In view of this, supervised classification approach was utilized to derive six land cover maps from Digitized Topographical Map, NigeriaSat-1 and LANDSAT ETM+ multi-spectral images for the years 1964, 2004 and 2006 respectively; after the digitized Topographical map and NigeriaSat-1 were co-registered to LANDSAT ETM+. The result shows that urban area increased by 56.15% between 1964 and 2006, 33.96% between 2004 and 2006. In contrast, the same digitized Topographical map, (1964) and SPOT 5, (2005) image was also co-registered into IKONOS, (2008) image of the same study area to obtain a common Georeference and Coordinate system, and after classification in ILWIS 3.3 window, indicated an increase by 59.50% between 1964 to 2008, and with a fast growth of 25.98% between 2005 and 2008 only. Shannon?s Relative Entropy (E) was used to measure the degree of urban sprawl which indicates that total Entropy value is 0.7, indicating a high rate of sprawl. Yet again, the zones within the metropolis have individual Entropy values that range from -0.2 to 0.5. This revealed some compacted zones, while some have a tendency towards intensive urban sprawl. Finally, the urban land use change for the year 2021 was modelled and predicted using Remote Sensing and GIS result, population figures of (1991, 2006 and 2008), and Shannon?s Entropy technique. The result shows that between: 2008 to 2011 the built-up areas witnessed 71.68% increase; while 2011 to 2021 will experience 85.20% growth, with an annual rate of 1.35%. It is recommended among others, that, Government and relevant agencies should embark on detail mapping of urban and regional areas at the relevant scales, to update the old existing maps, and to monitor closely urban environment....

Authors: IGBOKWE, J. I, EZEOMEDO, I. C, EJIKEME J .

9 Jun 24, 2016
STRUCTURAL STYLES INTERPRETED FROM AEROMAGNETIC AND LANDSAT DATA OF BEL AND ADJOINING AREAS, MIDDLE BENUE TROUGH, NIGERIA

The analysis of the structural styles of Bel and adjoining areas using aeromagnetic and Landsat data has been carried out with a view to determining the depth to the magnetic basement, establishing the basement morphology, delineating the structural features and inferring the effects of such structures on the general tectonic history and basin geodynamics of the study area. The landsat imagery generated was processed using ILWIS 3.2 Academic and Erdas imaging softwares while the aeromagnetic data were reduced using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 6.4.2.HJ version, Surfer 10 and Matlab 7.5. From the landsat data it was revealed that the dominant structural trend of the study area is in the NE-SW direction. The drainage is dendritic suggesting lithologic heterogeneity. Results of the 2-D spectral analysis revealed a two-layer depth model: a shallow layer of magnetization with depths ranging from 0.234km to1.234km and average depth of 0.727km and a deeper layer of magnetization having depths ranging from 1.746km to 4.750km and average depth of 2.975km. The shallower magnetic anomalies are as a result of basement rocks which intruded into the sedimentary rocks while the deeper magnetic anomalies are associated with intra-basement discontinuities like faults. The average sedimentary thickness of 2.975km estimated in the study area shows that the area is good for magnetic mineral exploration and not favourable for hydrocarbon prospecting as the temperature accompanying tectonic activity in the area must have cooked the source rock, if any, beyond the oil window phase of maturation....

Authors: Ibeneme S. I., Okereke C. N., Selemo A. O., Onu N. N., Onyekuru S. O., Nwagbara J. O., Ikoro D. O., and Enwerem C. I..

10 Jun 24, 2016
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS IN GROUPING GEOMORPHIC PARAMETERS OF UTTELA WATERSHED FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELING

Geomorphological characteristics of a watershed are very commonly used for developing the regional hydrological models for solving the various hydrological problems of the ungauged watersheds or inadequate data situations. So, in the present study GIS technique has been used to determine the geomorphological parameters of Uttala nala watershed which is tributary of Son river, located in Sahadol district of Madhya Pradesh. Many of the geomorphic parameters are known to be strongly correlated. There is considerable amount of redundancy in the array of geomorphic parameters currently in use. The screening of such large number of interrelated variables for their underlying dimensions is best achieved by multivariate statistical techniques of the principal component analysis. Results of principal analysis of eleven geomorphometric parameters clearly reveals that some of the parameters are strongly correlated with the components but stream frequency does not show correlation with any of the component. So it has been screened out of analysis. The principal component loading matrix obtained using correlation matrix of ten parameters reveals that first three components together account for 93.71 per cent of the total explained variance. Therefore, principal component loading is applied in order to get better correlation and clearly group the parameters in physically significant components. Based on the properties of geomorphic parameters, three components were defined as slope or steepness, drainage and shape component. One parameter each from the significant component may form a set of independent parameter at a time in modeling the hydrological responses such as runoff and sediment yield from small watersheds....

Authors: Shailesh Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Tignath, Sarita Gajbhiye , Rupesh Patil.